User:Sherrilledwards/sandbox: Difference between revisions

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Hemingway did struggle against nihilism, at times teetering on the edge of chaos. Of his writing, Ihab Hassan says, “literary statement approaches{{pg|340|341}} the edge; language implies the abolition of statement."{{sfn|Hassan|1987|p=299}} Yet, Hemingway also redefines the ''sacred,'' reformulating ''grace'' beyond the borders of organized religion. Without ceasing to be a modernist, he is also deeply rooted, as Stoneback claims, “in the incarnational paradigms of Catholic Christianity.”{{sfn|Stoneback|2003|p=50}} Like Kierkegaard, his God-language is covert and subtle; but it does exist.{{efn|“It was long believed in many quarters that Hemingway’s early Protestantism made him a “nominal” Catholic, pressured by Pauline into joining the Church. The opposite may be true: his early experiences led him to embrace Catholicism. He had found his father’s faith cold and unsatisfying; he had known his grandfather’s belief in a God of warmth and trust and now sought it for himself.”{{sfn|Buske|2002|p=85}}}}

~~== BELOW NOT YET PASTED TO REAL PAGE ==~~

=== God-Language in Mailer: Protagonist in the Cosmic Struggle ===

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As in ''Gospel'' ten years earlier, ''The Castle'' in the Forest operates in two distinct realms, “the metaphysical and the mundane.”{{sfn|Begiebing|2007|p=216}} Metaphysical language is hard to decode. In fact, in the 1920s Logical Positivists denied ''any'' meaning to such metaphysical language, a view later modified by{{pg|343|344}} Karl Popper. God and Satan “appear” in a strange No Man’s Land, at the frontiers of human experience. But thinkers from Augustine to Einstein have recognized that strangeness, using tropes of analogy and metaphor.

However, boundaries are always problematic, be they political, racial, or metaphysical. God-language is found at the ''liminal'' places of life, border regions of indeterminacy and danger. Such language is disturbing, even dangerous. It disturbs our expectations, confusing our maps of modernity. Max Born the physicist said, “We have sought for firm ground and found none. The deeper we penetrate, the more restless becomes the universe, and the vaguer and cloudier.”{{sfn|Born|1951|p=277}} If that be true of physics, other disciplines certainly share that mystery. If all human language exhibits indeterminacy, then religious language will have it in spades.

Since the days of the Puritans, the place of Satan in American culture has become drastically attenuated, the current strength of Fundamentalism notwithstanding. A survey of this trend in American Literature is Andrew Delbanco’s ''The Death of Satan: How Americans Have Lost their Sense of Evil.'' {{sfn|Delbanco|1995}} He speaks of a dialectic in our culture “between the dispossession of Satan under the pressure of modernity and the hunger to get him back."{{sfn|Delbanco|1995|p=234}} Whatever our beliefs on his ''being,'' Satan’s ''function'' in society is fairly easily charted, as America moved from belief to irony. Mailer is a protagonist in this cosmic struggle between God and the Devil, but using the metaphors of modernity.{{efn|Delbanco suggests that modernity “has doomed us to see the world through metaphors that cannot be ratified by any appeal to transcendence.”{{sfn|Delbanco|1995|p=224}}}} However, Mailer leaves us with indeterminacy. We learn that what “enables devils to survive is that we are wise enough to understand that there are no answers—there are only questions.”{{sfn|Mailer|2007|p=467}}

=== Conclusions: The Sacred, Indeterminacy, and Grace ===

There is still much left to explore. Both men redefine the realm of the ''sacred'' outside the boundaries of the Church. They also redefine the profane, in language and belief. There are theological precedents, but much of organized religion finds such redefinition problematic, particularly fundamentalists. For Hemingway, the sacred is found particularly in the natural world—rumors maybe of the original Garden? In Mailer, I am not sure: maybe the sacred is found in the moral struggle—the eternal battle between God and the Devil.

''Indeterminacy'' and suspicion of rigid dogma are also at the heart of both men’s writing, as in Modernity itself. ''Grace,'' however, is a problem within{{pg|344|345}} modernity: “The world starves for grace,” says Yancey.{{sfn|Yancey|2002|p=40}} But grace is a problem also for contemporary religion, as Bawer and Yancey demonstrate. Grace may have its antonym in Hemingway's ''nada'' or Mailer’s “absurdity” of life. Grace may be implicit in Mailer’s belief that, “stories bring order to the absurdity."{{sfn|Mailer|2003|p=156-157}} Good fiction, says Mailer, is “nourishing to our sense of reality.”{{sfn|Mailer|1991|p=1299}} Stories, after all, have always been part of our lives. Novelist and theologian Fred Buechner has said, “Listen to your life . . . in the last analysis all moments are key moments, and life itself is grace.”{{sfn|Buechner|1983|p=87}} In this world of modernity, maybe it is through fiction and narrative that we still hear rumors of grace.

=== Notes ===

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* {{cite journal |last=Bernstein |first=Mashey |title=Jewish Values in the Fiction of Norman Mailer |journal=The Mailer Review |volume=2.1 |date=2008 |pages=376-384 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Born |first=Max |date=1951 |title=The Restless Universe |location=New York |publisher=Dover |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Cleanth |date=1963 |title=The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren |location=New York |publisher=Yale University Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Colin |date=1969 |title=Philosophy and the Christian Faith |location=London |publisher=Tyndale Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Buechner |first=Frederick |date=1983 |title=Now and Then |location=San Francisco |publisher=Harper |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Bultmann |first=Rudolf |date=1984 |title=New Testament & Mythology and Other Basic Writings |location= Ed. Schubert M. Ogden. Philadelphia |publisher=Fortress Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite journal |last=Buske |first=Morris |title=Hemingway Faces God |journal=The Hemingway Review |volume=22.1 |issue= |date=2002 |pages=72-87 |ref=harv }}

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* {{cite book |last=Chadwick |first=Owen |date=1975 |title=The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century|location=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Civello |first=Paul |date=1994 |title=American Literary Naturalism and its Twentieth-Century Transformation |location=Athens |publisher=University of ~~California~~ Press~~, 2003~~ |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Civello |first=Paul |date=1994 |title=American Literary Naturalism and its Twentieth-Century Transformation |location=Athens |publisher=University of Georgia Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Conrad |first=Joseph |date=2008 |title=Heart of Darkness and Other Tales |location=Ed. Cedric Watts. Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Delbanco |first=Andrew |date=1995 |title=The Death of Satan: How Americans Have Lost their Sense of Evil |location=New York |publisher= Farrar, Stauss and Giroux |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Donne |first=John |date=2003 |title=John Donne's Sermons on the Psalms and Gospels |location=Ed. Evelyn M. Simpson. Berkeley |publisher= University of California Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Fussell |first=Paul |date=~~1974~~ |title=The Great War and Modern Memory |location=~~Cambridge~~ |publisher= ~~Cambridge~~ University Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Fussell |first=Paul |date=1975 |title=The Great War and Modern Memory |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2000|ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Gellner |first=Ernest |date=1975 |title=Legitimation of Belief |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Gribbin |first=John |date=1995 |title=Schrödinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality: Solving the Quantum Mysteries |location=Boston |publisher=Little, Brown & Co |ref=harv }}

* {{cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Ihab |date=1987 |title=Hemingway: Valor against the Void |journal=American Fiction 1915-1945 |location=Ed. Harold Bloom. New York |publisher= Chelsea House |pages=285-299 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite journal |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |date=1991 |title=A Clean, Well-Lighted Place |journal=The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories |location=New York |publisher= Scribner |pages=29-33 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=2003 |title=The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway|location=Finca Vigia ed. New York |publisher= Scribner |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1984 |title=Ernest Hemingway on Writing|location=Ed. Larry W. Phillips. New York |publisher= Touchstone |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1929 |title=A Farewell to Arms|location=New York |publisher= Scribner, 2003 |ref=harv }}

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* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1986 |title=The Garden of Eden|location=New York |publisher= Scribner |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1984 |title=Ernest Hemingway on Writing|location= Ed. Larry W. Phillips. New York |publisher= Touchstone |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1925 |title=In Our Time|location=New York |publisher=Scribner, 1995 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1925 |title=In Our Time|location=New York |publisher=Scribner, ~~2003~~ |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=2009 |title=A Moveable Feast|location=Ed. Sean Hemingway. Restored ed. New York |publisher=Scribner |ref=harv }}

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* {{cite journal |last=Kroupi |first=Agori |title=The Religious Implications of Fishing and Bullfighting in Hemingway's Work |journal=The Hemingway Review |volume=28.1 |date=2008 |pages=107-121 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite journal |last=Kucich |first=John |title=Intellectual Debate in the Victorian Novel: Religion, Science, and the Professional |journal=The Victorian Novel|date=2001| location=Ed. Deirdre David. Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=212-233 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Küng |first=Hans |date=1980 |title=Does God Exist: An Answer for Today |location=Garden City |publisher=Doubleday |ref=harv }}

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* {{cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Pericles |title=Churchgoing in the Modern Novel |journal=Modernisn/mondernity |volume=11.4 |date=2004 |pages=669-694 |access-date= |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Lucáks |first=~~George~~ |date=1971 |title=The Theory of the Novel: A Historico-Philosophical Essay on the Forms of Great Literature|location=Trans. Anna Bostock. Cambridge |publisher=MIT Press |pages= |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Lucáks |first=Georg |date=1971 |title=The Theory of the Novel: A Historico-Philosophical Essay on the Forms of Great Epic Literature|location=Trans. Anna Bostock. Cambridge |publisher=MIT Press |pages= |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Mailer |first=Norman |date=2007 |title=The Castle in the Forest |location=New York |publisher=Random House |ref=harv }}

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* {{cite book |last=Mailer |first=Norman |author-mask=1|date=1948 |title=The Naked and the Dead |location=New York |publisher=Rinehart and Co. |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Mailer |first=Norman |author-mask=1|date=2003 |title=The Spooky Art: Some Thoughts on Writing |location=New York |publisher=Random House |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Mailer |first=Norman and Michael Lennon |date=2007 |title=On God: An Uncommon Conversation |location=New York |publisher=Random House |ref=harv }}

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* {{cite book |last=Yancey |first=Philip |date=2002 |title=What's So Amazing About Grace? |location= Grand Rapids|publisher=Zondervan |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |pages= |ref=harv }}

* {{cite journal |last= |first= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |date= |pages= |access-date= |ref=harv }}

* {{cite magazine |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |magazine= |pages= |access-date= |ref=harv }}

* {{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |work= |location= |access-date= |ref=harv }}

* {{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |ref=harv }}

@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 Hemingway did struggle against nihilism, at times teetering on the edge of chaos. Of his writing, Ihab Hassan says, “literary statement approaches{{pg|340|341}} the edge; language implies the abolition of statement."{{sfn|Hassan|1987|p=299}} Yet, Hemingway also redefines the ''sacred,'' reformulating ''grace'' beyond the borders of organized religion. Without ceasing to be a modernist, he is also deeply rooted, as Stoneback claims, “in the incarnational paradigms of Catholic Christianity.”{{sfn|Stoneback|2003|p=50}} Like Kierkegaard, his God-language is covert and subtle; but it does exist.{{efn|“It was long believed in many quarters that Hemingway’s early Protestantism made him a “nominal” Catholic, pressured by Pauline into joining the Church. The opposite may be true: his early experiences led him to embrace Catholicism. He had found his father’s faith cold and unsatisfying; he had known his grandfather’s belief in a God of warmth and trust and now sought it for himself.”{{sfn|Buske|2002|p=85}}}}
-== BELOW NOT YET PASTED TO REAL PAGE ==
 === God-Language in Mailer: Protagonist in the Cosmic Struggle ===
@@ Line 116: / Line 114: @@
 As in ''Gospel'' ten years earlier, ''The Castle'' in the Forest operates in two distinct realms, “the metaphysical and the mundane.”{{sfn|Begiebing|2007|p=216}} Metaphysical language is hard to decode. In fact, in the 1920s Logical Positivists denied ''any'' meaning to such metaphysical language, a view later modified by{{pg|343|344}} Karl Popper. God and Satan “appear” in a strange No Man’s Land, at the frontiers of human experience. But thinkers from Augustine to Einstein have recognized that strangeness, using tropes of analogy and metaphor.
+However, boundaries are always problematic, be they political, racial, or metaphysical. God-language is found at the ''liminal'' places of life, border regions of indeterminacy and danger. Such language is disturbing, even dangerous. It disturbs our expectations, confusing our maps of modernity. Max Born the physicist said, “We have sought for firm ground and found none. The deeper we penetrate, the more restless becomes the universe, and the vaguer and cloudier.”{{sfn|Born|1951|p=277}}  If that be true of physics, other disciplines certainly share that mystery. If all human language exhibits indeterminacy, then religious language will have it in spades.
+Since the days of the Puritans, the place of Satan in American culture has become drastically attenuated, the current strength of Fundamentalism notwithstanding. A survey of this trend in American Literature is Andrew Delbanco’s ''The Death of Satan: How Americans Have Lost their Sense of Evil.'' {{sfn|Delbanco|1995}} He speaks of a dialectic in our culture “between the dispossession of  Satan under the pressure of modernity and the hunger to get him back."{{sfn|Delbanco|1995|p=234}} Whatever our beliefs on his ''being,'' Satan’s ''function'' in society is fairly easily charted, as America moved from belief to irony. Mailer is a protagonist in this cosmic struggle between God and the Devil, but using the metaphors of modernity.{{efn|Delbanco suggests that modernity “has doomed us to see the world through metaphors that cannot be ratified by any appeal to transcendence.”{{sfn|Delbanco|1995|p=224}}}} However, Mailer leaves us with indeterminacy. We learn that what “enables devils to survive is that we are wise enough to understand that there are no answers—there are only questions.”{{sfn|Mailer|2007|p=467}}
+=== Conclusions: The Sacred, Indeterminacy, and Grace ===
+There is still much left to explore. Both men redefine the realm of the ''sacred'' outside the boundaries of the Church. They also redefine the profane, in language and belief. There are theological precedents, but much of organized religion finds such redefinition problematic, particularly fundamentalists. For Hemingway, the sacred is found particularly in the natural world—rumors maybe of the original Garden? In Mailer, I am not sure: maybe the sacred is found in the moral struggle—the eternal battle between God and the Devil.
+''Indeterminacy'' and suspicion of rigid dogma are also at the heart of both men’s writing, as in Modernity itself. ''Grace,'' however, is a problem within{{pg|344|345}} modernity: “The world starves for grace,” says Yancey.{{sfn|Yancey|2002|p=40}} But grace is a problem also for contemporary religion, as Bawer and Yancey demonstrate. Grace may have its antonym in Hemingway's ''nada'' or Mailer’s “absurdity” of life. Grace may be implicit in Mailer’s belief that, “stories bring order to the absurdity."{{sfn|Mailer|2003|p=156-157}} Good fiction, says Mailer, is “nourishing to our sense of reality.”{{sfn|Mailer|1991|p=1299}} Stories, after all, have always been part of our lives. Novelist and theologian Fred Buechner has said, “Listen to your life . . . in the last analysis all moments are key moments, and life itself is grace.”{{sfn|Buechner|1983|p=87}} In this world of modernity, maybe it is through fiction and narrative that we still hear rumors of grace.
 === Notes ===
@@ Line 145: / Line 151: @@
 * {{cite journal |last=Bernstein |first=Mashey |title=Jewish Values in the Fiction of Norman Mailer |journal=The Mailer Review |volume=2.1 |date=2008 |pages=376-384 |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Born |first=Max |date=1951 |title=The Restless Universe |location=New York |publisher=Dover |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Cleanth |date=1963 |title=The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren |location=New York |publisher=Yale University Press |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Colin |date=1969 |title=Philosophy and the Christian Faith |location=London |publisher=Tyndale Press |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Buechner |first=Frederick |date=1983 |title=Now and Then |location=San Francisco |publisher=Harper |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Bultmann |first=Rudolf |date=1984 |title=New Testament & Mythology and Other Basic Writings |location= Ed. Schubert M. Ogden. Philadelphia |publisher=Fortress Press |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite journal |last=Buske |first=Morris |title=Hemingway Faces God |journal=The Hemingway Review |volume=22.1 |issue= |date=2002 |pages=72-87 |ref=harv }}
@@ Line 154: / Line 168: @@
 * {{cite book |last=Chadwick |first=Owen |date=1975 |title=The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century|location=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite book |last=Civello |first=Paul |date=1994 |title=American Literary Naturalism and its Twentieth-Century Transformation |location=Athens |publisher=University of California Press, 2003 |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Civello |first=Paul |date=1994 |title=American Literary Naturalism and its Twentieth-Century Transformation |location=Athens |publisher=University of Georgia Press |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Conrad |first=Joseph |date=2008 |title=Heart of Darkness and Other Tales |location=Ed. Cedric Watts. Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Delbanco |first=Andrew |date=1995 |title=The Death of Satan: How Americans Have Lost their Sense of Evil |location=New York |publisher= Farrar, Stauss and Giroux |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Donne |first=John |date=2003 |title=John Donne's Sermons on the Psalms and Gospels |location=Ed. Evelyn M. Simpson. Berkeley |publisher= University of California Press |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite book |last=Fussell |first=Paul |date=1974 |title=The Great War and Modern Memory |location=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Fussell |first=Paul |date=1975 |title=The Great War and Modern Memory |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford  University Press, 2000|ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Gellner |first=Ernest |date=1975 |title=Legitimation of Belief |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Gribbin |first=John |date=1995 |title=Schrödinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality: Solving the Quantum Mysteries |location=Boston |publisher=Little, Brown & Co |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Ihab |date=1987 |title=Hemingway: Valor against the Void |journal=American Fiction 1915-1945 |location=Ed. Harold Bloom. New York |publisher= Chelsea House |pages=285-299 |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite journal |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest  |date=1991 |title=A Clean, Well-Lighted Place |journal=The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories |location=New York |publisher= Scribner |pages=29-33 |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=2003 |title=The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway|location=Finca Vigia ed. New York |publisher= Scribner  |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1984 |title=Ernest Hemingway on Writing|location=Ed. Larry W. Phillips. New York |publisher= Touchstone  |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1929 |title=A Farewell to Arms|location=New York |publisher= Scribner, 2003  |ref=harv }}
@@ Line 174: / Line 196: @@
 * {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1986 |title=The Garden of Eden|location=New York |publisher= Scribner  |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1984 |title=Ernest Hemingway on Writing|location= Ed. Larry W. Phillips. New York |publisher= Touchstone  |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1925 |title=In Our Time|location=New York |publisher=Scribner, 1995  |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=1925 |title=In Our Time|location=New York |publisher=Scribner, 2003  |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-mask=1|date=2009 |title=A Moveable Feast|location=Ed. Sean Hemingway. Restored ed. New York |publisher=Scribner  |ref=harv }}
@@ Line 191: / Line 211: @@
 * {{cite journal |last=Kroupi |first=Agori |title=The Religious Implications of Fishing and Bullfighting in Hemingway's Work |journal=The Hemingway Review |volume=28.1 |date=2008 |pages=107-121 |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Kucich |first=John |title=Intellectual Debate in the Victorian Novel: Religion, Science, and the Professional |journal=The Victorian Novel|date=2001| location=Ed. Deirdre David. Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=212-233 |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Küng |first=Hans |date=1980 |title=Does God Exist: An Answer for Today |location=Garden City |publisher=Doubleday |ref=harv }}
@@ Line 196: / Line 218: @@
 * {{cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Pericles |title=Churchgoing in the Modern Novel |journal=Modernisn/mondernity |volume=11.4 |date=2004 |pages=669-694 |access-date= |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite book |last=Lucáks |first=George |date=1971 |title=The Theory of the Novel: A Historico-Philosophical Essay on the Forms of Great Literature|location=Trans. Anna Bostock. Cambridge |publisher=MIT Press |pages= |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Lucáks |first=Georg |date=1971 |title=The Theory of the Novel: A Historico-Philosophical Essay on the Forms of Great Epic Literature|location=Trans. Anna Bostock. Cambridge |publisher=MIT Press |pages= |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Mailer |first=Norman |date=2007 |title=The Castle in the Forest |location=New York |publisher=Random House |ref=harv }}
@@ Line 205: / Line 227: @@
 * {{cite book |last=Mailer |first=Norman |author-mask=1|date=1948 |title=The Naked and the Dead |location=New York |publisher=Rinehart and Co. |ref=harv }}
+* {{cite book |last=Mailer |first=Norman |author-mask=1|date=2003 |title=The Spooky Art: Some Thoughts on Writing |location=New York |publisher=Random House |ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book |last=Mailer |first=Norman and Michael Lennon |date=2007 |title=On God: An Uncommon Conversation |location=New York |publisher=Random House |ref=harv }}
@@ Line 233: / Line 257: @@
 * {{cite book |last=Yancey |first=Philip |date=2002 |title=What's So Amazing About Grace? |location= Grand Rapids|publisher=Zondervan |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |pages= |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite journal |last= |first= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |date= |pages= |access-date= |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite magazine |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |magazine= |pages= |access-date= |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |work= |location= |access-date= |ref=harv }}
-* {{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |ref=harv }}
 {{Refend}}